what percentage of jews died in the holocaust

[275] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. Read more about the ATPs methodology and the methodology for this report. [51] The camps served as a deterrent by terrorizing Germans who did not support the regime. They also destroyed physical evidence of mass murder. [336] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. According to their findings, nearly two-thirds of respondents did not know 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust, nearly half cannot name a single concentration camp, and 11. [121] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. [98] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps. [127] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[128] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942. Between 15 May and early July 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported, mostly to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered by gas; there were four transports a day, each carrying 3,000 people. While no precise numbers are likely to ever be determined, after 70 years of research and increasingly open archives, these ranges are likely not to change dramatically in the years ahead. 1993. The statistics show that since 1948, the world's Jewish population has increased by 26 percent, while the general population of the globe has increased from 2.5 billion to 7.5 billion a. [337] From January to April 1945, the SS sent inmates westward on death marches to camps in Germany and Austria. [332], The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[333] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. [147] The point of the attacks was to destroy the local Communist Party leadership and therefore the state, including "Jews in the Party and State employment", and any "radical elements". [392] The medical community regularly received bodies for research; for example, the University of Tbingen received 1,077 bodies from executions between 1933 and 1945. [34] In contrast, according to historian Dan Stone, Hitler regarded the Jews as "a Gegenrasse: a 'counter-race' not really human at all". There are several important differences between Pew Research Centers 2019 Holocaust knowledge questions and the other two surveys that make it so that they are not directly comparable (and thus unable to gauge whether levels of knowledge about the Holocaust have changed over time). [173] Although conditions varied widely between camps, Jewish forced laborers were typically treated worse than non-Jewish prisoners and suffered much higher mortality rates. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. [409] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. [312] Jews also joined Polish forces, including the Home Army. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax [129], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. Despite this, calculating the exact numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is an impossible task. The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main [40], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. [393] In August 1941, after protests from Germany's Catholic and Protestant churches, Hitler canceled the T4 program,[394] although disabled people continued to be killed until the end of the war. [185][186] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. Thus, the 5 German allies in Europe were: Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy and Finland. [169], During the war, around 15 million people were imprisoned at more than 40,000 distinct detention sites established by the Nazi authorities; about forty percent survived. "[199] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. Israelis were divided about the idea of taking money from Germany. For example, non-Jews who correctly answer at least three of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust rate Jews at a relatively warm 67 degrees on the feeling thermometer, on average. [413][414][415] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. By comparison, those who have never visited a Holocaust memorial or museum answer 2.0 questions right, on average. U.S. adults who say they have visited a Holocaust memorial or museum (27% of all respondents) correctly answer 2.9 questions right out of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust. Types and Numbers of Nazi Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 Estimated Deaths from Nazi Violence during World War II (by Group) Estimated Number of Prisoners and Survivors (by Extermination Camps) Twenty-five percent believed fewer than 1 million Jews were killed, and 12% put the number of Jewish deaths in the Holocaust at less than 100,000. [92] German plans for Poland included expelling non-Jewish Poles from large areas, settling Germans on the emptied lands,[93] sending the Polish leadership to camps, denying the lower classes an education, and confining Jews. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. [37] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. [175] During the last year of the war, people of partial Jewish descent and non-Jewish partners in mixed marriages were arrested and imprisoned in one hundred camps. The ascendance of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the First World War. Adolf Hitler overseeing his. Ethan J. Hollander, Springer, Oct 25, 2016. [142], Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, a day Timothy Snyder called "one of the most significant days in the history of Europe the beginning of a calamity that defies description". Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. According to Joseph Goebbels' diary, Hitler decided that the police should be withdrawn: "For once the Jews should feel the rage of the people," Goebbels reported him as saying. [9], Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. Discussing plans for a "final solution to the Jewish question" ("Endlsung der Judenfrage"), and a "final solution to the Jewish question in Europe" ("Endlsung der europischen Judenfrage"),[235] the conference was held to coordinate efforts and policies ("Parallelisierung der Linienfhrung"), and to ensure that authority rested with Heydrich. There are three obvious and interrelated reasons for the lack of a single document: Only one comprehensive statistical study conducted on behalf of SS chief Heinrich Himmler survived the war. [326], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. Hence, total estimates are calculated only after the end of the war and are based on demographic loss data and the documents of the perpetrators. The best known is the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943, when the Germans arrived to send the remaining inhabitants to extermination camps. The overall death and destruction that took place during World War II may well be beyond human comprehension. [418], During and after World War II, many European countries launched widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators that affected possibly as much as 23 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. [111] Although German soldiers and paramilitary units were present in the vicinity of many of the pogromsalthough not all of themtheir role in instigating violence is controversial. In December 1942, the United Nations adopted a joint declaration condemning the systematic murder of Jews. "[315][aa], Most neutral countries in Europe maintained a pro-German foreign policy during the war. The new data is based on a survey of 10,971 U.S. adults conducted in February 2019. As the method of widespread execution was shooting rather than gas chamber, the Holocaust in the Soviet Union is sometimes referred to as the Holocaust by bullets. To accurately estimate the extent of human losses, scholars, governmental agencies, and Jewish organizations since the 1940s have relied on a variety of different recordsincluding census reports, captured German and Axis archives, and postwar investigations. In response, two-thirds say the Holocaust refers to the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people, or words to that effect, mentioning the mass murder of Jews. [85] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[86] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland. [396][397] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. On a feeling thermometer designed to gauge sentiments toward a variety of groups, nine-in-ten non-Jewish respondents who underestimate the Holocausts death toll express neutralor warm feelings toward Jews, while just one-in-ten give Jews a cold rating. To further ensure that each survey reflects a balanced cross-section of the nation, the data are weighted to match the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Between 15 March and 10 August 1943, over forty thousand members of the Jewish community of Thessaloniki were rounded up by occupying German forces and deported to the notorious death camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. [313] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. [328] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. [151], The German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. The actual number was probably between 1.1 million and 1.5 million-and at least 90 percent of the victims were Jews. In addition, Americans ages 65 and older correctly answer an average of 2.5 questions about the Holocaust, compared with 2.2 right answers among those under the age of 65. ET. [372], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. Overall, the average respondent correctly answers about half (2.2) of the four multiple-choice Holocaust knowledge questions. [399], Robert Ritter, head of Germany's Racial Hygiene and Demographic Biology Research Unit, called Roma "a peculiar form of the human species who are incapable of development and came about by mutation". I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. There were also dedicated killing centers, where the deaths were estimated at 20,000, according to Georg Renno, deputy director of Schloss Hartheim, one of the euthanasia centers, or 400,000, according to Frank Zeireis, commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp. "[395], Historians estimate that Germany and its allies killed between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma, around 2550 percent of the community in Europe. This raises an important question: Are those who underestimate the death toll simply uninformed, or are they Holocaust deniers people with anti-Semitic views who claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerated by Jews as part of a plot to advance Jewish interests?1. [266] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[267] and in Yugoslavia. Though the two institutions have different estimates, if you average the total number of Jews each says were murdered, the result is the commonly used figure of six million. Approximately 98 percent of Jewish population of Nazi-occupied Poland during the Holocaust were killed. The respondents also took the surveys in different ways. [283], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. [408], Around 100,000 gay men were arrested in Germany and 50,000 jailed between 1933 and 1945; 5,00015,000 are thought to have been sent to concentration camps. | DW | 30 July 2017", "Poster promoting the Nazi monthly publication, "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", 'Elsa Conrad Margarete Rosenberg Mary Pnjer Henny Schermann', Homophobie und Devianz: weibliche und mnnliche Homosexualitt im Nationalsozialismus, "Elsa Conrad (18871963) Constellations Brises", "Payment Programme of the Foundation EVZ", "Holocaust Reparations: Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros to Survivors", "Pour le rle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros chaque dport amricain", "France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court", "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler", "Appendix 6: Estimated Losses in the Holocaust", Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 19331949, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933", "Bibliographic Classification of Documents Dealing with the Subject 'Holocaust', "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, JuneDecember 1941", Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP), Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Interminority racism in the United States, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust&oldid=1152441904, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence, Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions, This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 07:36. [411] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [407] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. [338][339] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. * Number of Jews who lived in Europe before 1933: Approximately 9.5 million, 60 percent of the world's Jews Holocaust Facts: The Rescues Holocaust Facts: Prominent Museums, Archives and Research Institutions 6 Million - Where Is the Figure From? Though this is the best information available, it is based on estimates and cannot take into the unknown number of victims whose bodies were never recovered or for whom there were no records. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. Yad Vashem. [193] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union and within the first few weeks of the invasion, almost the entire rural Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina were decimated. The study was conducted mostly among members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults recruited from landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys and an address-based survey), supplemented by interviews with members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. While adult men answer slightly more questions right than women, teen boys and girls correctly answer a similar number of questions about the Holocaust (1.8 each, on average). Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. To prevent panic, they were told the gas chambers were showers or delousing chambers. The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. While scholars are still researching the scale of the Holocaust in Ukraine, they estimate at least one and a half million Jews were killed . This may reflect disparities in education. The magnitude is clear. [373] After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews was a genocide in biological terms. The open-ended question asked: As far as you know, what does the Holocaust refer to? and invited respondents to write their answers in their own words. [192][194], Thousands of Jews were murdered in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest and Iai pogroms. [208] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 were murdered. So many died that the marches were stopped. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. [68] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. [292] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. [202], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[204] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. Current estimates might change as new documents are discovered or as historians arrive at a more precise understanding of the events. [144] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields. [303] In the Biaystok Ghetto on 16 August, Jewish insurgents fought for five days when the Germans announced mass deportations. [76] At least 90 Jews were murdered. [329] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. No personnel were available or inclined to count Jewish deaths until the very end of World War II and the Nazi regime. Of course, teens between the ages of 13 and 17 have not yet had a chance to pursue post-secondary education. the Ustashe of Croatia), or forced others into participation. [356] Close to 90% of all Jews in Poland, Lithuania and Greece were murdered. Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away. Like adults, more teens know when the Holocaust occurred (57%) and what Nazi-created ghettos were (53%) than know how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust (38%) or how Hitler became chancellor of Germany (33%). Emigration from the Reich was ultimately banned in October 1941. [386] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. World War II began in the BSSR with the invasion of German troops in June 1941. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [280] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. Works by Jewish composers,[58] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. [132][133][134] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[135] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. [s], Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others. Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. Insurance payments for damage to their property were confiscated by the government. On the eve of the Holocaust, Polish Jews made up some 10 percent of the young country's population and approximately one-third of the residents of the capital city, Warsaw. By the outbreak of war in September 1939 however, according to some estimates, as many as 126,445 Jews had departed Austria. Often, these ghettos existed only for a short period of weeks or days, and they primarily served to gather Jews in preparation of genocide. The Indiana Historical Society museum in Indianapolis is bringing awareness and remembrance towards the recent revival of Jewish hatred with their new exhibit, " Eva Kor from Auschwitz to Indiana .". Overall, U.S. teens correctly answer about the same number of questions (1.8, on average) as adults whose formal education ended with high school (1.7). The courts reached a decision in 64,499 of those cases; 56,244 were in favor of sterilization. What follow are the current best estimates of civilians and captured soldiers killed by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Jews were forced out of their jobs and had to register with the government. [153], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. [377] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. Film Reviews. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. [385] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[247] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. [213], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". And a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma. Their percentage among the general population - about 10% - was also the highest in Europe.After the conquest of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939, most of the Jews remaining within the area occupied by Germany - approximately 1 Murder of the Jews of Poland Skip to main content Accessibility High contrast [263] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. Several resistance groups were formed, such as the Jewish Combat Organization (OB) and Jewish Military Union (ZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto and the United Partisan Organization in Vilna. Nearly half of Americans get at least three questions right, including one-quarter who correctly answer all four questions (24%). [130], Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and Hungary, regions along the coast were made part of Italy, Kosovo and western Macedonia were given to Albania, while Bulgaria received eastern Macedonia. [177] Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the camp system. [84], Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry. Sometimes when the same question is asked in different modes, such as over the phone and online, there is a difference in results that is attributable to what survey methodologists call a mode effect. [426] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. [38] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. [310], Estimates of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000.

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