linus pauling vitamin c, lysine protocol

Although these metabolites are purported to increase the bioavailability of vitamin C, the only published study in humans addressing this issue found no difference between Ester-C and commercially available vitamin C tablets with respect to the absorption and urinary excretion of vitamin C (187). Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Johnston CS, Luo B. All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. 2. http://practicingmedicinewithoutalicense.com/protocol/excerpt_chp7.pdf He received a patent on his work. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. 2011;26(3):309-318. Finally, vitamin C increases the bioavailability of iron from foods by enhancing intestinal absorption of non-heme iron (see the article on Iron) (21). (PubMed), 111. The dietary fructose: vitamin C intake ratio is associated with hyperuricemia in African-American adults. Twenty-five years. There is no scientific evidence that large amounts of vitamin C (up to 10 grams [g]/day in adults) exert any adverse or toxic effects. Sensitivity to vitamin C may also be determined by the expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT-2), which transports vitamin C into cells (173). 201. Some (24, 191, 192), but not all (193-195), studies have reported that supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations. Pharmacokinetic studies in older adults have not yet been conducted, but there is some evidence suggesting that the efficiency of one of the molecular mechanisms for the cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age (208). 2013;5(11):4284-4304. JAMA. 2016;5(2):94-100. Adults. Notably, this study had several limitations (54), including no measurement of vitamin C status and the recruitment of a well-nourished study population. Linus Pauling Institute Relationship between oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural damage in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardioplegic arrest/reperfusion. Some, yet not all, studies in animal models such as vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs or genetically scorbutic rats found an increased uptake of vitamin C in peripheral circulation and specific organs in the presence of flavonoids. (PubMed), 79 Park Y, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. It is important for individuals with significantly elevated blood pressure not to rely on vitamin C supplementation alone to reduce their hypertension. Vitamin C is the primary water-soluble, non-enzymatic antioxidant in plasma and tissues. (PubMed), 94. Intravenous administration of 50 mg or 200 mg of vitamin C per kg per day for 96 hours to patients with sepsis admitted in intensive care unit was found to correct vitamin C deficiency. 32. Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Basically, it's high Vitamin C doses, accompanied by high L-Lysine, L-Proline. Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). (PubMed), 41. In a cross-sectional study conducted in 4,576 African Americans, the odds of having hyperuricemia was associated with dietary intakes high in fructose, low in vitamin C, or with high fructose-to-vitamin C ratios (118). Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, et al. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. Current evidence from controlled clinical trials indicates that intravenous vitamin C is generally safe and well tolerated in cancer patients. 2015(9):Cd004072. (PubMed), 70. Although ascorbyl palmitate is also available as an oral supplement, most of it is likely hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid and palmitic acid in the digestive tract before it is absorbed (189). 5 Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid. Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. 2012;38(2):114-122. Using this approach, Dr. Pauling suggested in the early 1970s that the optimum daily intake may be about 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C and that everyone should get at least 200 to 250 mg/day. One small placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in 11 men showed that the oral administration of 4 g of vitamin C resulted in a greater vitamin C concentration in plasma over a four-hour period when vitamin C was encapsulated in liposomes compared to unencapsulated vitamin C (190). A more recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial has been designed to examine the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E administration on ischemia-reperfusion damage in 99 patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty (132). Carr AC, Vissers MC. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. (PubMed), 103. (PubMed), 198. The Pauling therapy is a combination of the specific orthomolecular nutrients - ascorbic acid, lysine and proline - that are proven to combat coronary heart disease at the specific dosages recommended by Linus Pauling. (PubMed), 101. A much larger study of 19,578 people, including 4,214 children from 6 to 16 years of age, found higher serum vitamin C concentrations to be associated with significantly lower blood lead concentrations (182). The global and regional burden of stroke. (PubMed), 179. (PubMed), 9 Vallance S. Relationships between ascorbic acid and serum proteins of the immune system. (PubMed), 204. 2012(6):Cd004567. 1982;47(3):473-482. A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). Myocardial reperfusion injury leads to complications, such as reperfusion arrhythmias (see Atrial fibrillation) and myocardial stunning. Intravenous vitamin C and cancer: a systematic review. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. 2011;63(9):1295-1306. Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. Scientific studies investigating vitamin C efficacy to prevent or treat disease need to assess baseline vitamin C status before embarking on an intervention or statistical analysis (22, 29-31). Two randomized controlled trials conducted in the 1990s reported a reduction in reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and myocardial injury with intravenous(136)or oral (137)vitamin C administration prior to CABG surgery (reviewed in 135). Br J Anaesth. No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. (PubMed), 27. 2009;170(4):472-483. (PubMed), 71. The Shibata study. 200. Neurochem Res. 2008;15(1):26-34. (PubMed), 38. 'Dr. Pauling Therapy' For Heart Disease - Linus Pauling/Rath Heart Banerjee S, Hawksby C, Miller S, Dahill S, Beattie AD, McColl KE. 2010;12(2):209-217. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;28(2):252-268. (PubMed), 175. 1972;177(4043):65-68. Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S. An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. 2014;4:283. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2003 by: (PubMed), 86. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. (PubMed), 34. Such symptoms appear to be related to the weakening of blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, which all contain collagen. Victoria J. Drake, Ph.D. Periprocedural myocardial injury: Coronary angioplasty (also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) is a nonsurgical procedure for treating obstructive coronary heart disease (CHD), including unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and multivessel CHD. Can J Cardiol. (PubMed), 85. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. A nested case-control study in the EPIC study found a 45% lower risk of gastric cancer incidence in individuals in the highest (51 mol/L) versus lowest (<29 mol/L) quartile of plasma vitamin C concentration; no association was observed between dietary vitamin C intake and gastric cancer (73). A 15-year follow-up of about 2,500 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study found that higher plasma vitamin C and a higher diet quality score were independently associated with a reduced risk of developing hypertension (44). 2011;162(2):246-253. Yet, short-term randomized controlled studies have found no effect of vitamin C supplementation on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1c concentrations in healthy individuals (87). Linus Pauling Heart Disease Prevention with Vitamin C Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? A 2012 meta-analysis of 29 trials found no effect of oral vitamin C, given alone or in combination with other antioxidants, on all-cause mortality (127). Regarding the incidence of colds, a difference was observed between two groups of participants. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM. (PubMed), 26. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. (PubMed), 59. Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). 1994;35(3):317-322. Contemp Clin Trials. Vitamin C affects several components of the human immune system in vitro; for example, vitamin C has been shown to stimulate both the production (5-9)and function (10, 11)of leukocytes (white blood cells), especially neutrophils, lymphocytes, and phagocytes. The effect of intravenous vitamin C infusion on periprocedural myocardial injury for patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Phagocytic leukocytes also produce and release cytokines, including interferons, which have antiviral activity (16). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. Linus Pauling Institute BMC Complement Altern Med. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. Two large prospective studies found dietary vitamin C intake to be inversely associated with breast cancer incidence in certain subgroups. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). How long should I expect Linus Pauling's protocol to - Vitamin C Forum A meta-analysis of 10 trials that examined antioxidant vitamins, of which five included vitamin C, found no association between any antioxidant vitamin (vitamin C, vitamin E, or -carotene), administered alone or in combination, and risk of stroke (60). 1986;6:365-406. Production of both collagen and elastin requires vitamin C, lysine and proline. Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Bertoia M, Albanes D, Mayne ST, Mannisto S, Virtamo J, Wright ME. Harris HR, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. In this context, it is important to note that data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have indicated that vitamin C levels in plasma and circulating cells become fully saturated at intakes of about 400 mg/day in young, healthy nonsmokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Zhang ZW, Patchett SE, Perrett D, Katelaris PH, Domizio P, Farthing MJ. 2013;173(5):386-388. Sauberlich HE. Abnormal growth and development have been observed in infants of women exposed to lead during pregnancy, while children who are chronically exposed to lead are more likely to develop learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and to have a low IQ. Other trials also failed to show any evidence of an effect of vitamin C on the risk of stroke. Yet, plasma concentrations of vitamin C 50 mol/L are sufficient to saturate muscle tissue vitamin C. There is also some limited evidence suggesting that individuals who carry certain polymorphisms in genes involved in vitamin C transport and detoxification mechanisms may have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations even with high vitamin C intakes (see also Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus) (reviewed in 27). Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. Early symptoms of scurvy like fatigue may result from diminished levels of carnitine, which is needed to derive energy from fat, or from decreased synthesis of the catecholamine norepinephrine (see Function). (PubMed), 164. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, Park JB, Wang Y. Natural Medicines. These products are all Lp (a) binding inhibitors. Although CSF vitamin C is maintained at concentrations several-fold higher than plasma vitamin C, the precise function of vitamin C in cognitive function and AD etiology is not yet fully understood (102). 2014;50(7):1223-1231. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: a secondary analysis. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. (PubMed), 174. Potentiation of in vitro and in vivo lymphocyte responses. PDF THE COLLAGEN CONNECTION - LINUS PAULING - Vitamin C 2013;22(12):2202-2211. cholesterol. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice. Sodium ascorbate provides 111 mg of sodium (889 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate, and calcium ascorbate generally provides 90 to 110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. (PubMed), 203. Atrial fibrillation:Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. 2008;66(5):237-249. Human skeletal muscle ascorbate is highly responsive to changes in vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations. 97. Vitamin C is depleted during and following cardiac surgery (134)and this might be due to the direct quenching of ROS, the regeneration of other antioxidants, and/or a massive synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) (135). (PubMed), 49. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Pauling's therapeutic dosage of vitamin C for those diagnosed with cardiovascular disease is from 6,000 mg up to 18,000 mg (or bowel tolerance). Nutrients. Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis. Chen GC, Lu DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. Linus Pauling, Ph.D. (1901-1994), was the only person ever to win two unshared Nobel prizes. Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2017;9(11). Am J Obstet Gynecol. Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. Vitamin C. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. J Alzheimers Dis. THERAPEUTIC: Pauling recommended that those who have had a heart attack or stroke should take at least 6 or more grams of vitamin C and 4 to 6 grams of lysine. Eur J Clin Invest. (PubMed), 96. (PubMed), 8 Prinz W, Bortz R, Bregin B, Hersch M. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system. Since the antioxidants were taken together in this trial, the individual contribution of vitamin C cannot be determined. Austria R, Semenzato A, Bettero A. However, no such associations were found in pooled analyses of prospective cohort studies(109). Pediatrics. (PubMed), 68 Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. 1976;84B(5):280-284. email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education, Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C, Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9, Dr Linus Pauling's recommendation and the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation for vitamin C intake, https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures, https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) biosynthesis, Peptidyl-glycine -amidating monooxygenase, 4 Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) isoenzymes, Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases, Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center Ascorbyl palmitate is marketed as "vitamin C ester," which should not be confused with Ester-C (see above). These enzymes are either monooxygenases or dioxygenases (see Table 1). In the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study, 77,719men and women (ages 50-76 years) were questioned at baseline on their use of dietary supplements during the previous 10 years (124). (PubMed), 29. (PubMed), 43. Moreover, several dioxygenases involved in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genome integrity require vitamin C as a cofactor. Natural and synthetic L-ascorbic acid are chemically identical and there are no known differences regarding biological activities or bioavailability(186). (PubMed), 69. A number of observational studies have found increased dietary vitamin C intake to be associated with decreased risk of gastric (stomach) cancer, and laboratory experiments indicate that vitamin C inhibits the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds in the stomach (70-72). 2003;90(2):148-154. A benefit of regular vitamin C supplementation was also seen in the duration of colds, with a greater benefit in children than in adults: The pooled effect of vitamin C supplementation was a 14% reduction in cold duration in children and an 8% reduction in adults. Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, McMillan CR, Thabane L. Is plasma vitamin C an appropriate biomarker of vitamin C intake? PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs (PubMed), 40. Cell Mol Life Sci. J Nutr. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). Biofactors. Science. (PubMed), 53. Am J Clin Nutr. Age-related changes to the lens (thickening, loss of flexibility) and oxidative damage contribute to the formation of cataract, i.e., cloudiness or opacity in the lens that interferes with the clear focusing of images on the retina. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial has examined the effect of intravenous vitamin C administered to patients with stable angina undergoing elective coronary angioplasty (130). Lp(a) is a substitute for ascorbate (Vitamin C). High Blood Pressure | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M. Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues. Al-Khudairy L, Flowers N, Wheelhouse R, et al. Linus Pauling is a hard guy to argue with. In the Cohort of Swedish Men study, self-reported use of single-nutrient vitamin C supplements (taken seven or more times per week) at baseline was associated with a two-fold higher risk of incident kidney stones among 48,840 men (ages 45-79 years) followed for 11 years (199). He was introduced to the Specifically, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study collected data on dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake every four years in 45,619 male health professionals (ages 40-75 years) (198). 2010;70(14):5749-5758. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. Calcium ascorbate: Calcium ascorbate generally provides 90-110 mg of calcium (890-910 mg of ascorbic acid) per 1,000 mg of calcium ascorbate. Marginal ascorbate status (hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to vitamin C supplementation. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (PubMed), 20. Br J Nutr. J Res Pharm Pract. Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Dosage is a key factor: low doses are ineffective. Lancet Glob Health. The Collagen Connection | Nutrition Review (PubMed), 131. (PubMed), 44. PLoS One. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. Oregon State University, Updated in November 2002 by: Reversing Heart Disease | Linus Pauling | Tower Laboratories The role of vitamin C as a cofactor is also related to its redox potential. Nutrition and gastric cancer risk: an update. Semin Arthritis Rheum. ", Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University How to do the Rath /Pauling Therapy - Heal Yourself At Home Carriers of two copies of the Hp2 allele (Hp2-2) express a Hp protein that has a lower capacity to bind and remove pro-oxidant, free hemoglobin (Hb) from plasma, compared to Hp proteins coded by the Hp1-1 and Hp1-2 genotypes. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Similarly, the EPIC-Norfolk study, a 10-year prospective cohort study in 20,649 adults, found that individuals with plasma vitamin C concentrations in the top quartile (25%) had a 42% lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile (66 mol/L vs. <41 mol/L) (58). A 2015 meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials found that administration of vitamin C during pregnancy, alone or in combination with a few other supplements, failed to reduce the risks of stillbirth, perinatal death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia (88). A prospective study that followed a cohort of 46,994 men for 20 years found that total daily vitamin C intake was inversely associated with incidence of gout, with higher intakes being associated with greater risk reductions (119). Eur J Nutr. After 14 years of follow-up, it was found that men who consumed 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C had a 41% higher risk of kidney stones compared to men consuming <90 mg of vitamin C daily. 2011;63(10):3136-3141. Supplementation with vitamin C had no effect on the overall risk of cancer or on the risk of prostate, bladder, or pancreatic cancer; there was a marginal reduction in colorectal cancer incidence with vitamin C compared to placebo (82). J Pharm Biomed Anal. (PubMed), 58. Even in small amounts, vitamin C can protect indispensable molecules in the body, such as proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), from damage by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during normal metabolism, by active immune cells, and through exposure to toxins and pollutants (e.g., certain chemotherapy drugs and cigarette smoke). Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University / Vitamin C Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, et al. Of note, a subgroup analysis in one of the meta-analyses showed a reduction of post-operative atrial fibrillation with vitamin C in non US-based trials (10 trials) but no effect of vitamin C in US-based trials (5 trials) (140).

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