which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. Q. . Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. Equally important, rich deposits of the valuable metal silver. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. The Franciscans took over some former Jesuit missions and continued the expansion of areas incorporated into the empire. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. European Colonization of North America - National Geographic Society During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. The pope was the head of the Catholic Church, but the granting of the Patronato Real to the Spanish monarchy gave the king the power of appointment (patronage) of ecclesiastics. Religious orders had their own internal regulations and leadership. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. In Mexico, conquistadors found great golden treasures, including great discs of gold, masks, jewelry, and even gold dust and bars. Records of the conquest of central Mexico include accounts by the expedition leader Hernn Corts, Bernal Daz del Castillo and other Spanish conquistadors, indigenous allies from the city-states altepetl of Tlaxcala, Texcoco, and Huexotzinco. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. Direct link to 21HernandezRa28's post What are some specific ex, Posted 3 years ago. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. As was the case in peninsular Spain, Africans (negros) were able buy their freedom (horro), so that in most of the empire free Blacks and Mulatto (Black + Spanish) populations outnumbered slave populations. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. [citation needed], Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (18961974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. Q1: Option B. St. Augustine was the name of the first Spanish colonial settlement in Florida. In August 1521, Corts claimed Tenochtitln for Spain and renamed it, Corts was also aided by a Nahua woman called. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. This is not a fabrication; indigenous death to such diseases claimed around 50% in Tenochtitlan and up to 90% elsewhere on the continent. 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. Direct link to dcervante0051's post what were the spanish ast, Posted 5 years ago. Settlements/Geography Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. Rowe, John. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. [51] Like previous conquistadors, Oate engaged in widespread abuses of the Indian population. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Hispanic Research Journal 13, no. Far more famous now is Lope de Aguirre, who led a mutiny against Ursa, who was murdered. Put in chronological order the following events that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America. Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. [159], The epic journey of lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca has been portrayed in a 1991 feature-length Mexican film, Cabeza de Vaca. The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. Powers, Stephen. Among this first group was Toribio de Benavente, known now as Motolinia, the Nahuatl word for poor.[128][129]. Most agriculture and ranching supplied local needs, since transportation was difficult, slow, and expensive. A number of friars in the early period came to the vigorous defense of the indigenous populations, who were new converts to Christianity. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. 2, p. 99. Miller, Gary. Warren, J. But the importation of horses transformed warfare for both the Spaniards and the indigenous. [130] [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. 1 (2012): 26-40. [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. The two major colonial powers in Latin America were Spain and Portugal.. A mixed-race casta population came into being during the colonial era. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. [103] Based in Castile, with the assignment of the governance of the Indies, it was thus responsible for drafting legislation, proposing the appointments to the King for civil government as well as ecclesiastical appointments, and pronouncing judicial sentences; as maximum authority in the overseas territories, the Council of the Indies took over both the institutions in the Indies as the defense of the interests of the Crown, the Catholic Church, and of indigenous peoples. Neither was effective in its purpose. Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. 4, p. 204. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cdiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. - St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures QUIZ Flashcards | Quizlet Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. [68] To carry out the expedition (entrada), which entailed exploration, conquest, and initial settlement of the territory, the king, as sovereign, and the appointed leader of an expedition (adelantado) agreed to an itemized contract (capitulacin), with the specifics of the conditions of the expedition in a particular territory. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. [64] Later ecclesiastics served as interim viceroys, general inspectors (visitadores), and other high posts. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. The monarchy took most of it, and the rest was spread across lords and ladies. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms. The cabildo was composed of the prominent residents (vecinos) of the municipality, so that governance was restricted to a male elite, with majority of the population exercising power. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcalda mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. [92] Indigenous noblemen were particularly important in the early period of colonization, since the economy of the encomienda was initially built on the extraction of tribute and labor from the commoners in their communities. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the Repblica de Espaoles. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. That expedition was to make world history. history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. [89] In Mexico, the crown established the General Indian Court (Juzgado General de Indios), which heard disputes affecting individual indigenous as well as indigenous communities. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. Portugal's claim to part of South America under the Treaty of Tordesillas resulted in the creation of Portuguese colony of Brazil. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?, By making desertion near impossible, Corts was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity . Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. [104] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . There was quite a bit of gold coming in. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory. "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca. The first two were in the Alto Per, present-day Bolivia, at Charcas (present day Sucre, 25 May), and La Paz (16 July); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (10 August). A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. [71], As the basic political entity it was the governorate, or province. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance The Spanish saw these populations as a source of labor, there for their exploitation, to supply their own settlements with foodstuffs, but more importantly for the Spanish, to extract mineral wealth or produce another valuable commodity for Spanish enrichment. Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Direct link to #I'mBatman's post The lack of Gold and the , Posted 3 years ago. In 1821 Treaty of Crdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. London, England: Penguin Classics. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. Lockhart, James. The Mapuche people of Chile, whom the Spaniards called Araucanians, resisted fiercely. Spanish explorers claimed land for the crown in the modern-day states of Alabama, Arizona, the Carolinas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, and California. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. [c] Shortly after founding Santa Fe, Oate was recalled to Mexico City by the Spanish authorities. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76]. Simmons, Marc, The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oate and the Settling of the Far Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, book title. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. [148] Only the most valuable low bulk products would be exported. [105], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754.

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