disadvantages of nanotechnology in cancer treatment

However, further advancements in nanomedicine will provide breakthroughs that represent a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer, and can significantly contribute to an improved patient outcome. Mater. Similarly, the PEGylated liposomes have been used in delivering celastrol, irinotecan, resveratrol in the treatment of breast cancer and glioblastoma [236, 237]. A pH sensitive nanoplatform can generate heat, following light absorption upon irradiation with near-IR (NIR) light and due to the toxicity of DOX, offering a potential multimodal nanomedicine for efficient cancer treatment [199]. Additionally, the in vivo biodistribution of nanoparticles suggest that the negatively charged particles accumulate in tumor sites more efficiently [110]. Liposomes can be conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), targeting ligands and/or antibodies, polysaccharides on the external surface to enhance solubility, to increase the hydrophilicity and to provide passive and active targeting functions, in due course attaining high drug efficiency with low toxicity [233]. Rev. Chou, I.M. 6(4), 10921099 (2009), D. Wang et al., Multi-layered tumor-targeting photothermal-doxorubicin releasing nanotubes eradicate tumors in vivo with negligible systemic toxicity. J. Nanomed. Table2 highlights various inorganic nanocarriers for delivery of anticancer therapeutics. c The in vitro influence of IGF1 and IGF1-IONPs on cell proliferation. Int. Liposomes are spherical vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer of either synthetic or natural phospholipids surrounding an internal aqueous phase. Scheme representing the formulation of doxorubicin loaded PEGylated liposome, and doxorubicin loaded lactoferrin modified PEGylated liposome (a); effect of cell viability of free DOX and the liposomal formulations evaluated by MTT assay in HepG2, BEL7402, and SMMC7721 cells at different time intervals (b); relative tumor volume of various liposomal formulations injected to tumor-bearing mice through tail veins every 7days at a dose of 5mg/kg DOX (c); change in the body weight of tumor-bearing mice after each treatment (d); image of tumors excised on 21st day from each treatment group (e); relative tumor volume at the time of sacrifice from each treatment group (f); tumor weight at the time of sacrifice from each treatment group (g). Soc. 53(46), 1232012364 (2014), J. Yue et al., Gold nanoparticle size and shape effects on cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of siRNA nanoconstructs. Therefore, only a few numbers of nano-drugs available in market for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, Nanotoxicology a branch of nanomedicine has emerged as an essential field of research, paving the way for the assessment of toxicity of nanoparticles. 7, 653 (2010), S.K. Biomaterials 34(31), 77157724 (2013), M. Kumar et al., N-desmethyl tamoxifen and quercetin-loaded multiwalled CNTs: a synergistic approach to overcome MDR in cancer cells. Nanoscale 9(43), 1706317073 (2017), X. Xu, F. Hu, Q. Shuai, Facile synthesis of highly biocompatible folic acid-functionalised SiO2 nanoparticles encapsulating rare-earth metal complexes, and their application in targeted drug delivery. Interfaces 9(4), 39853994 (2017), K. Yin Win, S.-S. Feng, Effects of particle size and surface coating on cellular uptake of polymeric nanoparticles for ral delivery of anticancer drugs. Acta Biomater. Cancer Res. In fact, most of our current knowledge is based on a few subcutaneous tumor xenograft models that divide vigorously resulting in very high EPR effects. By using immunofluorescence labeling of an anti-Ki67 antibody, the Ki67-positive cells in tumor sections after two tail vein injections of 20mg/kg iron dose of IGF1-IONPs are measured. Funct. Acta Biomater. J. However, to reach clinical application, an understanding of nanoneurotoxicity in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation is required. Photobiol. 129(27), 84388439 (2007), N.W.S. Pharm. It has been demonstrated thatAu nanoparticles decorated with two different anticancer drugsnot only prolong the drug circulation timebut also enhanced drugtargeting and reduced the risk of drug resistance [143]. Tamoxifen and imatinib mesylate were released in controlled manner from the temperature sensitive liposomes prepared using a combination of phospholipids with a transition temperature near to 39C. Soc. Polym. Saudi Pharm. Mock et al., Evidence for distinct mechanisms of uptake and antitumor activity of secretory phospholipase A2 responsive liposome in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 8(35), 5873858753 (2017), L. Meng et al., Chitosan-based nanocarriers with pH and light dual response for anticancer drug delivery. Mater. Sci. Soc. 2) [32]. These surface modifiable mesoporous silica nanomaterials have been exploited to deliver curcumin to breast cancer cell lines that were loaded with hyaluronan or polyethyleneimine-folic acid and were tested on mouse xenograft model [221]. Biol. Nanomaterials are materials in the nanorange 1-100 nm which possess unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. 185, 7379 (2018), J.D. Sci. Colloids Surf. Miranda et al., Array-based sensing of proteins using conjugated polymers. Toy R, Bauer L, Hoimes C, Ghaghada KB, Karathanasis E. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. In addition to the above discussion, there are tools that are currently available to shield nanomaterials for targeting cancer cells. Generally, covalent conjugation methods have been utilised, but systems with physical absorption using affinity complexes can also be used effectively [55]. B 3(36), 71537172 (2015), R. Coradeghini et al., Size-dependent toxicity and cell interaction mechanisms of gold nanoparticles on mouse fibroblasts. Mater. From the discussion above, it is evident that the surface charge of the nanomaterials affects their cellular uptake, and these particles can be efficiently used in cancer treatment based on the cell type and mechanism of endocytosis. 18(39), 1221812221 (2012), S.-F. Lee et al., Ultrasound, pH, and magnetically responsive crown-ether-coated core/shell nanoparticles as drug encapsulation and release systems. 128(46), 1479214793 (2006), Z. Liu et al., Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery. Cellular uptake of gold nanoconstructs by U87 glioblastoma cells. Nanotechnology improves cancer detection and, Nanotechnology improves cancer detection and diagnosis, Schematic illustration of nanotechnology applications, Schematic illustration of nanotechnology applications in cancer diagnosis, MeSH Similarly, graphene oxide with galactosylated chitosan with doxorubicin have been developed for the treatment of cancer. Eng. There are different classes of liposomes used as drug delivery platforms for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapeutics [232]. 44, 16681678 (2018), A.S. Semkina et al., Multimodal doxorubicin loaded magnetic nanoparticles for VEGF targeted theranostics of breast cancer. 107, 11501158 (2019), W. Zheng et al., Encapsulation of verapamil and doxorubicin by MPEG-PLA to reverse drug resistance in ovarian cancer. eCollection 2020. Eng. eCollection 2023. B Biointerfaces 111, 117123 (2013), S. Aryal, C.-M.J. Hu, L. Zhang, Polymercisplatin conjugate nanoparticles for acid-responsive drug delivery. Other stimuli have been investigated for controlled release, including heat generated under a magnetic field [49], photo-inducible systems [69], ultrasound inducible systems [70] and electrochemically triggered [71] controlled release of drugs. 46, 11381148 (2018), H. Banu et al., Gold and silver nanoparticles biomimetically synthesized using date palm pollen extract-induce apoptosis and regulate p53 and Bcl-2 expression in human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Drug Deliv. Bae, Drug targeting and tumor heterogeneity. Pharm. A wide range of nanotherapeutics, composed of organic and inorganic nanomaterialshave been developed with multiple types of drugs or molecules for cancer imaging, detection and treatment. Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. Smart Magnetic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Cancer. Int. have demonstrated increased cell membrane permeability by hyperthermia from multi-walled carbon nanotube, thereby enhancing drug delivery to tumor targets [201]. Biomater. Robinson et al., High performance in vivo near-IR (>1m) imaging and photothermal cancer therapy with carbon nanotubes. C 60, 569578 (2016), Y. Zhong et al., Ligand-directed active tumor-targeting polymeric nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy. 5(10), 2104721054 (2018), L. Zhang, Y. Li, C.Y. 131(16), 57285729 (2009), W. Du, O. Elemento, Cancer systems biology: embracing complexity to develop better anticancer therapeutic strategies. B 2(5), 452470 (2014), H. Alimoradi, et al., in Nanostructures for drug delivery. Soc. J. ACS Appl. Additionally, a newer generation of liposomes are emerging, focusing on redox sensitive liposomes, magnetic liposomes, enzyme sensitive liposomes and multifunctional smart liposomes [242,243,244,245]. Kirpotin et al., Antibody targeting of long-circulating lipidic nanoparticles does not increase tumor localization but does increase internalization in animal models. Pharmaceutics. Mater. 1, a wide range of nanomaterials have been fabricated using organic, inorganic, lipid and protein compounds typically in the range of 1100nm and deliver various antitumor drugs by fine-tuning the chemical composition, size, and shape (morphology) that can control the functionality of the nanomaterials. 8600 Rockville Pike Moreover, the studies of Villanueva et al. Adv. Int. Several studies have revealed the detrimental properties of nanocarriers due to their toxicity [290, 291]. Colloids Surf. In vitro and in vivo effects of IGF1-IONPs (insulin-like growth factor 1-iron oxide nanoparticles) and IGF1-IONPs-doxorubicin on cell proliferation and viability. This is known as enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which is the basis of passive targeting [31]. mRNA transcriptome profiling of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 treated with. Cell Cycle 8(22), 36153616 (2009), P.N. In another study, ultrasmall Au nanoparticles of sizes ranging from 2 to 15nm coated with tiopronin were evaluated for their localization and penetration into breast cancer cells, and it was found that accumulation of smaller nanoparticles was higher in tumor tissues in mice [104]. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Tumor-specific targeting at the surface of the cancer cells has also been explored to eradicate tumor cells. They employed EGFR and folate receptor (FR) overexpressed in ovarian cancer as target surface molecules, and used monoclonal antibodies against these receptors as dual ligands for Au nanoparticle targeting. Control. Release 261, 113125 (2017), X. Chen et al., Co-delivery of paclitaxel and anti-survivin siRNA via redox-sensitive oligopeptide liposomes for the synergistic treatment of breast cancer and metastasis. ACS Appl. Biophys. The large-scale production of nanoformulations, however, is quite challenging as their physicochemical properties may vary from batch to batch. This increased circulation time can also lead to higher potency and specific antitumor activity.

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