westcott and hort bible translations

Brooke Foss Westcott(18251901) andFenton John Anthony Hort(18281892) were nineteenth-century theologians and Bible and textual scholars. For these, we're using KJV and NKJV as examples of Textus Receptus, and as a representative of Westcott-Hort, the NIV (and also the NASB or the New American Standard Bible). Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Informally referred to as WH they produced the WH text of the New Testament. Both found nothing wrong with the worship of Mary. (3) How many textual errors (differences) are in the handful of Byzantine manuscripts used to make the Textus Receptus, which is behind the KJV? 5 days ago, - () In many instances where I would disagree with the wording in the Nestle / UBS text in favor of a particular variant reading, I would later check with the Westcott and Hort text and realize that they had often come to the same decision. God help you. Borderland. I, p.211). All editions of Nestle-Aland remain close in textual character to the text WH. The climax of this restoration era goes to the immediate successors of these men, the two English Bible scholars B. F. Westcott and F. J. The two scholars identified their favorite text type as "Neutral text", exemplified by two 4th-century manuscripts, the Codex Vaticanus (known to scholars since the 15th century), and the Codex Sinaiticus (discovered in 1859), both of which they relied on heavily (albeit not exclusively) for this edition. They emphasized, Knowledge of documents should precede final judgment upon readings and all trustworthy restoration of corrupted texts is founded on the study of their history. They followed Griesbach in dividing manuscripts into families, stressing the significance of manuscript genealogy. Riplinger speaks much on this subject and also aligns them with the New Age movement. To deny their influence is similar to denying the influence of Darwin on contemporary evolutionary thought. In 1892, a revised edition was released by F. C. You are teaching doctrines of devils. He has been working in the apologetic area since his teens. So here is the dilemma when it comes to the witness of the Greek manuscripts. Yes, but it was not altogether the reason it was also because he was seriously convinced that such investigations led to no good.Ray McIntyre. Masoretic, DSS, Majority Text, Aramaic Peshitta. In the court room they tell it to the judge as it is, yet when the judge hears each of their stories, the witnesses do not agree. . Readings are to be preferred that are found in a manuscript that habitually contains superior readings as determined by intrinsic and transcriptional probability. Since its publication in 1881, Westcott and Hort's work has proved to be impressively accurate, though far from perfect. ) Riplinger, pg 623, Westcott I shall aim at what is transcendental in many peoples eyes. Naturally so because they were Greek textual scholars. A concordance of every form of every Greek word was made and systematized and turned into English. One of the latest products of the New World Bible Translation Committee, it was released in 1969 at the "Peace on Earth" International Assembly of Jehovah's Witnesses. May God enlighten us all to the truth through His Word. Both delete almost the same number of names and titles of the Lord (WH--221, UBS--212). A. Hort (1881). The KJV translators only had fewer than 12 manuscripts of the NT in Greek to work with. text (Erwin Nestle and Kurt Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, 24th edition, 1960, p. 62). His method of picking and choosing which verses belong and which verses dont, is called the eclectic method. If you have a King James Bible you see it is about the resurrected Christ,.quite an important part of Scripture. I would venture to say that every King James Version Onlyist doctrinally believes differently than the other. We can conclude that any modern translation that uses majestic, literary or grand language is not generally reflecting the text and style of the Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. . (Riplinger, New Age Bible Versions, p.407). Thus, Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, leading representatives of the Alexandrian family of manuscripts, are in such great condition because they are full of errors, alterations, additions, and deletions so they would have had little chance of wear and tear, never having been used by true believers. I urge you not to do this. I have used the NIV for comparison. How did the term Textus Receptus come about? Westcott and Hort, in turn, were rationalists in their approach to the textual problem in the New Testament and employed techniques within which rationalism and every other kind of bias are free to operate. They might argue, My Bible says the earliest manuscripts do not have this verse! But does this reader know of the thousands of other manuscripts which do contain this verse? We should note that the above quote was made much later in the life of Wescott. This Bible version is now Public Domain due to copyright expiration. The context is from where Westcotts son discusses Westcotts short-lived involvement in the Ghostlie Guild when he was a young man still in university (seeJames Mays articleandRobert L. Sumners articlefor more information), and the entire paragraph the quote is lifted from is as follows (bold added): What happened to this Guild in the end I have not discovered. Setting Straight the Indefensible Defenders of the Textus Receptus. References in parentheses are to sections of HortsIntroduction, from which the principles have been extracted. To prefer the TR (Textus Receptus) against modern critical Greek texts. Has literal English meanings based on the Greek roots. A study Bible with a modern English translation of the Scriptures from their original languages. (Eclectic means to select or employ individual elements from a variety of sources, systems, or styles.). CAN WE TRUST THE WESTCOTT AND HORT 1881 GREEK TEXT? They are NOTHING when we look at the nearly 6,000 differences, many being quite substantial between the Alexandrian Critical Text and the Textus Receptus. In like manner, if a scientist is also an evolutionist and aetheist, do we need to hear his science before we know his verdict? gain access to 50+ premium resources to enhance your study of Scripture. The entire quote is somewhat difficult to parse as it stands, but its easier to breakdown if viewed as follows: Westcott ceased, not altogether (not entirely) from want (lack) of faith in Spiritualism, but also because such investigations led to no good. Was the reason that Westcott ceased due towant (lack)of faith in Spiritualism? one of them is of mainly later texts after the fall of Antioch and Alexandria to Islam. If they had been good manuscripts, they would have been read to pieces long ago. We seek offerings only from those who are helped. As the Scottish biblical scholar Alexander Souter expressed it, they gathered up in themselves all that was most valuable in the work of their predecessors. To Westcott and Hort, the King James Bible was clearly an inferior translation. Textual scholars use the abbreviations "WH" [1] or "WHNU". The New International Version (NIV) first published in 1978. claims to be based on the Nestle-Aland Greek Text, which is similar to. Paraphrase of the Jewish Publication Society of America Version (Old Testament), and from Greek (New Testament) text. The new Christian Standard Bible (CSB) is a major revision of the 2009 edition of theHolman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB). So in modern, more reliable, translations we lose 1 John 5:7, ( not in any Greek NT manuscript before 1500) and 1 Tim 3:16, . My fatherceasedto interest himself in these matters, not altogether, I believe, fromwant offaith in what, for lack of a better name, one must call Spiritualism, but becausehe was seriously convinced that such investigations led to no good. (Life and Letters of Brooke Foss Westcott, Vol. The text produced by Westcott and Hort is still to this day, even with so many more manuscript discoveries, a very close reproduction of the primitive text of the New Testament. A. Hort (1828-1892), the towering pioneers of the textual criticism of the Greek New Testament. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. God has been gracious to us in that when there were voices contesting the authenticity of the OT record the dead sea scrolls were discovered. Our understanding of Hebrew and Greek has astronomically improved since 1611. The KJV is a straight translation from the Majority text. . (2) How many textual errors (differences) are in the Byzantine manuscripts used to make the Textus Receptus, which is behind the KJV? - www.wayoflife.org. In trying to rebut false claims, you made one yourself. The New Testament in the Original Greek is a Greek-language version of the New Testament published in 1881.It is also known as the Westcott and Hort text, after its editors Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-1892). Codex Vatican (B) About 290 C.E., some of his associates made various subsequent alterations, which deliberately combined elements from earlier types of text, and this text was adopted about 380 C.E. I think the argument of no early byzantine readings is incorrect, using circular reasoning. The Response to the Appeal. the KJV, it wasnt even the first (by a long way) of the English translations of the Bible. I once saw a Christian rant and rave to some Jehovahs Witnesses and he quoted 1 John 5:7, 1 Tim 3:16 and said the KJV was the true Word of God, it was embarrassing and it reinforced the Witnesses in their faith. Tregelles, Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort). We do not have space nor the time to offer a full-scale argument against the King James Version Only and the Textus Receptus Only groups. (12) THE PREFACE to the 1611 KJV by the translators says the KJV was a revision of the 16th-century translations of Coverdale, Tyndale, the Great Bibles, and others. Uses various methods, such as emphatic idiom and special diacritical marks, to bring out nuances of the underlying Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic texts. [3] A connected group of Christians promotes the King James Only movement. Which Bible do you think is more reliable? Brother Cloud lives in South Asia where he has been a church planting missionary since 1979. John 8? (2.20), The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others. An update to the 1966 Jerusalem Bible which uses more extensive gender neutral language, New Jewish Publication Society of America Version. It is sometimes called the Textus Receptus. However, we will address what amounts to their main arguments. http://www.kjvonly.org/doug/index_doug.html, A superb debate between two Bible teachers one defending the KJV chaired by Doug Harris, founder of Reachout, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwe_nxeVwE0. How do you explain the differences in the manuscripts? They also developed a theory of textual criticism which underlay their Greek NT and several other Greek NT since (such as . There are, I fear, still more serious differences between us on the subject of authority, especially the authority of the Bible. Riplinger, pg 621, Hort [T]his may be cowardice I have sort of a craving that our text should be cast upon the world before we deal with matters likely to brand us with suspicion. Masoretic Text, Greek New Testament of Erasmus, the Vulgate, and theLuther Bible. The archaic language detracts from its use and understandability. Westcott & Hort were the dominant forces on the Revision Committee. This text has only a few changes of the original. has caused great harm to the Christian Church; it confuses people. You are also welcome to use excerpts from the articles in your writings, in sermons, in church bulletins, etc. Thirdly, nothing in the quote (or surrounding material) even hints at public alarm, let alone considerable or even Westcotts son admitting such. Pastor Tobin Pederson, Reformation Day, October 31, 2007. He has been a financial adviser for over 30 years. They sought out contact with the spiritual world (talking with the dead, etc.). Third, the size of Sinaiticus with the Old Testament, the New Testament, and apocryphal books, among other books would have weighed about 50+ lbs. - Thanks be to Him that His Word is faithfully preserved in the accurate translation of the King James Version. This critical Greek text is the foundation text of the Nestle-Aland Greek Text and the United Bible Societies Greek text. King James Only Resource, EDWARD D. ANDREWS (AS in Criminal Justice, BS in Religion, MA in Biblical Studies, and MDiv in Theology) is CEO and President of Christian Publishing House. This new text caused Bible translators to doubt God's preserved words and long-held Christian doctrines, resulting in Bibles translated after 1881 to contain thousands of changes from the . After the flurry of translations leading up to the King James Version (when many translations were produced such as Wycliffes, Tyndales, Coverdales, The Bishops Bible, The Geneva Bible etc), a steady trickle of translations continued. I cannot, therefore, but regard every voluntary approach to beings such as those who are supposed to hold communication with men through mediums as unlawful and perilous. Westcott and Hort were spiritualists. A. Hort, upon whose text the United Bible Society is based, which is the foundation for all modern-day translations of the Bible. For those books, C. D. Ginsburgs Hebrew text was used. He is currently helping set up a bible college in Southern Africa . The word MANUSCRIPTS is used to describe these copies or parchments which still exist. Of course, I think they gave too much weight to Codex Vaticanus alone, and this needs to be tempered. (2.20), The reading is to be preferred that best conforms to the usual style of the author and to that authors material in other passages. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia,Novum Testamentum Graece27th Edition, United Bible Societies 4th Edition. I have never personally come across anyone that actually believes it, but some scholars do. From the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, From the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, with influence from the French, This Bible was heavily influenced by the French original, and the commentary was a verbatim translation of the French, Jewish Publication Society of America VersionTanakh (Old Testament). The Revised Version of the KJV, published in 1881, reflects this increased knowledge. At Constantinople, it became the predominant form of the New Testament throughout the Greek-speaking world. In my own NIV Student Bible (Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids Michigan, Copyright 1986, 1992), there is no mention of Westcott and Hort, but a mere reference to textual criticism., Where existing manuscripts differ, the translators made their choice of readings according to accepted principles of New Testament textual criticism., Though these quotations say nothing of Westcott and Hort, they are hidden behind the words accepted principles of textual criticism. Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-1892) have been highly controversial figures in biblical history. The King James Bible translation is based on the Greek text found in the Textus Receptus. Masoretic Text,Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament. The baseline is not the KJV, it wasnt even the first (by a long way) of the English translations of the Bible. In their fourth argument, Burgon, Miller, and Scrivener maintained that the Byzantine text-type was actually older and superior to the Alexandrian text-type. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia,Novum Testamentum Graece28th Edition (NA28), United Bible Societies 5th Edition (UBS5). Today, for instance, we have in excess of 5600 manuscripts we can consult. The KJV was a superb translation for its day. In the above Bible translations, you can see that verses 44 and 46 are omitted in the main text with the omission noted in the footnote. 2012-2016 Way of Life Literature Inc. v.ssl.1. Again, they need not pull quotes from when Westcott and Hort were young men but rather show one unorthodox belief in their commentaries, which have been listed below. Masoretic Text, the GreekNew Testament of Erasmus, Vulgate, and German and Swiss-German Bibles (Luther Bible,Zrich BibleandLeo Juds Bible), First complete Bible printed in English (Early Modern English). Can his verdict be true? And, The labourer is worthy of his reward" (1 Timothy 5:18). Masoretic Text, Nestle-Aland/United Bible Society Greek New Testament, New International Version (simplified syntax, but loss of conjunctions obscures meanings), New International Version Inclusive Language Edition. A textual critic sets himself up as judge over Gods Word, when no man has such a right. Sign up now for the latest news and deals from Bible Gateway! The conclusion is obvious. Oct 30, 2011. Once we understand that we become aware of some of the shortcomings of the KJV. It kept the KJV style language but was much more accurate. How Reliable Are the Early Texts of the New Testament? . Horts success in this task and the cogency of his tightly reasoned theory shapedAND STILL SHAPESthe thinking of those who approach the textual criticism of the NT through the English language (emphasis added) (Ernest Cadman Colwell, Scribal Habits in Early Papyri: A Study in the Corruption of the Text, The Bible in Modern Scholarship, ed. According to Bruce M. Metzger, "the general validity of their critical principles and procedures is widely acknowledged by scholars today. So in modern, more reliable, translations we lose 1 John 5:7 ..these three are one ( not in any Greek NT manuscript before 1500) and 1 Tim 3:16 God manifest in the flesh. During the twentieth century, with the discovery of several New Testament manuscripts much older than any that had hitherto been available, it has become possible to produce editions of the New Testament that approximate ever more closely to what is regarded as the wording of the original documents.[5]. They feel comfortable with the fact that the TR is derived from from manuscroipts derived from the stream of texts that comprise the Majority Text. Take, for example, five men who are eye witnesses to a crime. This translation in many ways was the precursor to the modern Critical Text underlying most modern translations. The fact is that the United Bible Societies (UBS) text is almost identical to the W-H text of 1881 IN SIGNIFICANT DEPARTURES FROM THE RECEIVED TEXT. They sought out contact with the spiritual world (talking with the dead, etc.). This Greek New Testament was the basis for the Revised Version of that same year. Book Submission for Christian Publishing House, https://www.logos.com/product/46572/studies-in-the-theory-and-method-of-new-test, View all posts by Christian Publishing House. KJVO fundamentalists wont question John Calvins salvation Readers of these new Bibles are quite unaware that they are reading the translation of a corrupt text. By Ann Spangler, The Names of God Bible restores the transliterations of ancient namessuch as Yahweh, El Shadday, El Elyon, and Adonayto help the reader better understand the rich meaning of Gods names that are found in the original Hebrew and Aramaic text. The Old Testament translation is based on the Hebrew Masoretic text. (6) The TRIST and the KJVOIST argue that the New Testament original is found in the majority of the manuscripts, which is the Byzantine. In the early years of this century Kirsopp Lake described Horts work as a failure, though a glorious one. [4], According to Hort, "Knowledge of Documents should precede Final Judgments upon Readings". This argument is simply the weakest and most desperate that this author has ever heard. Soden's edition stands much closer to the text of Tischendorf than to the text of Westcott and Hort. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The same principles apply to groups of manuscripts (2.260-61). For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book: 19 And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book. Rev 22:18,19. The World English Bible is based on the American Standard Version of the Holy Bible first published in 1901, the Biblia Hebraica Stutgartensa Old Testament, and the Greek Majority Text New Testament. He has travelled there 22 times. Oh. he likes Ants, yes Ants! It wasonly in the first part of the nineteenth century (1831) that a German classical scholar, Karl Lachmann, ventured to apply to the New Testament the criteria that he had used in editing texts of the classics. They started the Ghostly Guild in 1851 and before that the Hermes Club in 1845. [5] In this they followed one of the primary principles of their fledgling textual criticism, lectio brevior, sometimes taken to an extreme, as in the theory of Western non-interpolations, which has since been rejected. OT:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia(BHS; revised 1990 edition).NT:Novum Testamentum Graece(Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament, 26th edition). Riplinger speaks much on this subject and also aligns them with the New Age movement. In 1853 these two Cambridge professors, Westcott and Hort, began to prepare a Greek Text based primarily on the Vaticanus and Sinaiticus manuscripts. We can trust these, understand and appreciate the differences, but we would be foolish to ignore them or condemn the translators as the spawn of Satan or Lucifers dupes as I have read on occasion. For much unlike the 5000+, these five manuscripts are radically different. There are plenty of KJVOs who dont believe Calvin was saved for the same reason. Secondly, it was one of two reasons heceasedto interest himself in the the matters the Guild was involved in, shortly after it was formed (notice Chick and Riplinger both falsely use the word lifelong). It appears to me that in this, as in all spiritual questions, Holy Scripture is our supreme guide. He clearly infers that he had occasion to investigate spiritualistic phenomena with some care, which would indicate that much earlier in his life he had some fascination with spiritualism and the occult. Informally referred to as WH they produced the WH text of the New Testament. There are about 93 differences between the Stephanus 1550 and the Beza 1598. KJV edition: OT:Masoretic Text, NT:Textus Receptus. He regular lectures and trains folk to respond to Jehovah's witnesses and other groups. That was my first introduction to B. F. Westcott (1825-1901) and F. J. The following summary of principles is taken from the compilation in Epp and Fee,Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism(1993, pages 157-8). Once we understand that we become aware of some of the shortcomings of the KJV. Likewise we dare never put confidence in man. Sinaticus and alexandrinus not only disagree with the overwhelming majority, they disagree with each other. New Jubilees version of the Bible in English Verse byThomas McElwain. The translation now is a literary masterpiece. Do we listen to the 5000+ witnesses, or do we listen to the 5? They will leave discussions with us knowing we will not face up to the facts available in the manuscripts. List Of Bible Trivia Questions And Answers. In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. This Greek NT was the basis for the Revised Version of that same year. The translation now is a literary masterpiece. Codex Sinaiticus (Aleph) 1. copyright 2013, Way of Life Literature They considered it quite decisive whenever these two manuscripts agreed, particularly when reinforced by other ancient uncial manuscripts. The very title itself - Revised Version - is a lie, since it was not a revision of the KJV at all, but an entirely new bible, intended to supplant the KJV. We dare not and must not ignore these things. For less than $5/mo. Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) was born at Birmingham and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-1892) at Dublin. Fifth, the period of copying the Byzantine text type was c. 330 1453 C.E. The critical text of Westcott and Hort of 1881 has been commended by leading textual scholars over the last one hundred and forty years, and still stands as the standard. They are the judges as to what belongs in the Bible and what does not. It should also be noted that the writings of John W. Burgon, Edward Hills, Benjamin C. Wilkinson will be greatly edifying. The translators said they expect new revisions of their KJV translation when more manuscripts come to light, and if there was an improved understanding of Hebrew and Greek, there should be revisions. Instead they used the corrupted manuscripts of the Gnosticism-Origen-Eusebius- Jerome-Augustine lineage. (Joseph Van Beeks tract: KJV vs NIV, pgs 5 & 6), As to the personal beliefs of Westcot and Hort: 1) They never claimed or testified that the Bible was verbally inspired or inerrant. In the early years of this century Kirsopp Lake described Horts work as a failure, though a glorious one. When Was It Written? . Assuredly his verdict will be against the six literal days of creation. The Westcott-Hort Greek text is very significant and its editors are highly significant to the history of textual criticism. The text today is not the WH text; things have moved on. They assume some are just more easy to read than others. (18281892) are mentioned regularly in relation to the Greek text of the NT. Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-1892) produced a Greek New Testament in 1881 based on the findings of Tischendorf. [6]In her book, she accuses Westcott of being involved in the occult. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Help us continue equipping churches today! Brooke Westcott and Fenton Hort's new Greek text became the Greek Nestle-Aland and UBS textbooks used by most Catholic and Protestant translators today. During the eighteenth-century scholars assembled a great amount of information from many Greek manuscripts, as well as from versional and patristic witnesses. This Bible is in the public domain in the United States. This Byzantine text is not the textus receptus, as it is thought to be by some, it is not the basis for the KJV, it doesnt include 1 John 5:7 or the end of Mark, but it is established by many manuscripts. Versions / 1881 Westcott-Hort New Testament (WHNU) Publisher: Public Domain. I think the Lucian recession theory has been rejected by the majority of textual scholars, but i may be mistaken. Shows (by color coding and word notes) grammatical details within the Greek language. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations. A.V. These are commonly called the MINORITY TEXTS, but they are also known to many as the corrupted manuscripts. But HORT DID NOT FAIL TO REACH HIS MAJOR GOAL. This text type is called Byzantine and most of its copies can be sourced to Constantinople. (5) The Byzantine Advocates (the text behind the TR) acknowledge there are differences between the Byzantine text and the Textus Receptus, and Textus Receptus Advocates believe there are differences between the TR and the Byzantine text. Both delete almost the same number of significant portions of verses (WH--193, UBS 185). It is in draft form, and currently being edited for accuracy and readability. They make themselves the judge. This was an early Catholic attempt to translate the Bible into English from the original Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek languages instead of from the Latin Vulgate. That is, it is generally shorter than the text of other forms, and it does not exhibit the degree of grammatical and stylistic polishing that is characteristic of the Byzantine type of text. This knowledge also informs us that the New Testament was not written generally in posh language more a sort of popular tabloid type language. [2] It is a critical text, compiled from some of the oldest New Testament fragments and texts that had been discovered at the time. The following are quotes of Westcott and Hort, found in Riplingers book. Released into the public domain by The Work of Gods Children (nonprofit corporation). It pays his bills and buys his books!! I no. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia for the Hebrew Bible,Dead Sea Scrolls consulted and referenced,Septuagint also consulted and compared for the OT and Deuterocanonicals,the Latin Vulgate for some parts of the Deuterocanonicals, and theUnited Bible Societies 3rd edition (UBS3) cross referenced to the 26th edition of the Greek New Testament (NA26)for the New Testament. () Of course, the manuscript discoveries of the past one hundred years have changed things, but it is remarkable how often they have affirmed the decisions of Westcott and Hort.[1]. THE DEAD HAND OF FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT LIES HEAVY UPON US. Westcott and Hort believed the Greek text which underlies the KJV was perverse and corrupt. (London; New York: United Bible Societies, 1994), xx, xxv. The new Bible versions are not based on Erasmus' Textus Receptus. It is their position that the King James Version of the Bible is superior to all other English translations and that all English translations based on the Westcott and Hort text of 1881 (foundation text of UBS5 and NA28) are corrupt due to the influence of the Alexandrian Greek manuscripts.

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